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A Brief Presentation of the Nine Yanas
Our teacher, the fourth guide
of this fortunate aeon, the incomparable lord of sages, Shakyamuni, gave infinite teachings as means to enter the Dharma of
the causal and resultant vehicles, in accordance with the particular temperaments, spiritual faculties and attitudes of disciples.
Nevertheless, they may all be included within the three vehicles, which, in turn, may be further subdivided into nine successive
stages. As it is said in The General
Sutra:[1] The ultimate definitive vehicle Certainly appears as three in
number: The vehicles of leading from
the origin, Vedic asceticism, And powerful transformative methods. And The Immaculate
Confession Tantra says: The samayas of the nine successive
yanas— Three yanas related to the three
pitakas of characteristics, The outer three of kriya yoga
and so on, related to tantras of asceticism, And the inner three yogas related
to tantras of skilful methods. Thus the classification of ‘nine
successive yanas,’ which is found in the Nyingma Early Translation tradition, is made up of: Let us elaborate a little on
the meaning of these, first of all by considering what is meant by the term ‘vehicle’ or yana. It is said in The
Condensed Sutra:[3] This vehicle is the supreme of
vehicles for reaching The vast sky-like palace of happiness
and bliss. Riding in this all beings will
reach nirvana. This refers to the literal meaning
of the Sanskrit term yana, a vehicle or means of conveyance, since it is that which carries us along the paths and
bhumis, bringing us ever greater enlightened qualities. I. The Three Outer Yanas
Leading from the Origin The three causal vehicles of
characteristics are: the shravaka vehicle, pratyekabuddha vehicle and bodhisattva vehicle. Why are these three called ‘vehicles
leading from the origin’? It is because they lead us along the path to the result of liberation from samsara by abandoning
all the actions and kleshas which are the cause or ‘origin’ [of suffering]. 1. The Shravaka Yana Generally speaking, the Sanskrit
word ‘shravaka’ has both the meaning of listening and of hearing, so [the Tibetan translation nyenthö
literally means] ‘listener-hearer.’ Alternatively, the term can be understood to mean ‘listening and proclaiming,’
in the sense that the shravakas rely on masters and then proclaim to others all the words their teachers have spoken. The initial entry point, the
view, the meditation, the conduct and the results of the shravaka yana will now be explained below. i. Entry Point The shravakas are motivated by
a feeling of renunciation, the wish to escape from all the realms of samsara by themselves alone. With this motivation, they
receive one of the seven sets of pratimoksha vows, those of a male or female lay practitioner, novice monk or nun, probationary
nun, or fully ordained monk or nun, and having received these vows, they practise moral restraint, keeping their vows unimpaired,
repairing any impairments that do occur, and so on. ii. View As the basis of their path, they
determine their view by focusing upon all phenomena included within the five aggregates and realizing that they are devoid
of any personal self. They do not understand that all material and conscious phenomena are devoid of true reality, and, asserting
a truly real partless particle in perceived objects and an indivisible moment of consciousness, they fail to realize the absence
of phenomenal identity. iii. Meditation In terms of the path, they practise
both shamatha and vipashyana meditation. They realize the state of shamatha by abandoning obstacles and cultivating factors
conducive to samadhi, according to the nine stages of resting the mind and so on, and generate the wisdom of vipashyana by
meditating on the sixteen aspects of the four truths. iv. Conduct They keep to the twelve ascetic
practices[4] that avoid the two extreme forms of lifestyle, over-indulgence in sense pleasures[5] and excessive self-punishment. v. Results They attain any one of eight
levels of fruition, corresponding to the degree to which they have abandoned the kleshas of the three realms. There are eight
levels because the four results of stream-enterer, once-returner, non-returner and arhat are each divided into the two stages
known as the emerging and the established. 2. The Pratyekabuddha
Yana Pratyekabuddhas, or ‘self-awakened’
are so-called because, having a more profound depth of wisdom than the shravakas, they manifest their own awakening through
the power of their own wisdom, without needing to rely on other masters. Let us elaborate slightly by
presenting the initial entry point, view, meditation, conduct and results of the pratyekabuddha yana: i. Entry Point As with the entry point to the
shravaka yana, the pratyekabuddhas take up any one of the seven sets of pratimoksha vows and then keep them unimpaired. ii. View When it comes to the basis of
their path, how they determine the view, they realize the absence of a personal self completely, but only realize half the
absence of phenomenal identity, because although they realize that the partless particles of perceived objects are not real,
they still believe in the true existence of indivisible moments of consciousness. iii. Meditation When it comes to their path,
and their practice of meditation, the uncommon approach of the pratyekabuddhas is to meditate on how the twelve links of interdependent
origination arise in their progressive sequence and how they cease in the reverse order. iv. Conduct Like the shravakas, they keep
to the twelve rules of ascetic practice. v. Results As their fruition, those with
sharper faculties attain the level of a rhinoceros-like pratyekabuddha arhat and those with duller faculties become parrot-like[6] pratyekabuddha arhats. Moreover, they reach their final
existence as a result of three specific aspiration prayers. They pray that their last existence may be in a world without
buddhas and shravakas, that they may attain awakening by themselves, without relying on any teacher, and that they may teach
the Dharma silently through physical gestures. 3. The Bodhisattva Yana The bodhisattva yana is the part
of the mahayana that belongs to the vehicle of characteristics. It is called the vehicle of bodhisattvas because once it has
been entered it has the power to lead someone to great enlightenment, because its domain of experience is vast, in terms of
its extensive skilful methods and its profound wisdom, because it brings about benefit and happiness, in the higher realms
in the short term, and ultimately at the stage of definitive good, and because it carries one to greater and greater qualities
as one progresses along the paths and stages. It is called a vehicle of characteristics because it has all the characteristics
of a path that is a direct cause for bringing about the ultimate fruition, the level of buddhahood. I will now a give a brief outline
of its initial entry point, view, meditation, conduct and results. i. Entry Point The bodhisattvas practise on
the basis of their wish to benefit others. They are motivated by bodhichitta, which has as its focus all sentient beings and
is characterized by the wish to establish them all at the level of perfect buddhahood, free from the causes and effects of
suffering and endowed with all the causes and effects of happiness. With this motivation, they take the bodhisattva vows of
aspiration and application in the proper way, through the ritual of either the tradition of Profound View or Vast Conduct.
They then observe the points of discipline concerning what should be adopted and abandoned, and heal and purify any impairments. ii. View Concerning the basis of their
path, how they determine the view, if we speak in terms of philosophical tenets, the approach of Mind Only is to assert that
outer objects are not real and all phenomena are but the inner mind, and to claim that the self-aware, self-knowing consciousness
devoid of dualistic perception is truly real. The approach of the Middle Way is to realize that all phenomena appear in the
manner of dependent origination, but are in reality emptiness, beyond the eight extremes of conceptual elaboration.[7] Through these approaches, on the basis of the explanation of the two levels
of reality, they realize completely the absence of any personal self or phenomenal identity. iii. Meditation Concerning their path and how
they practise meditation, the bodhisattvas realize and train in developing their familiarity with the indivisibility of the
two levels of reality, and, on the basis of the yogic meditation that unites shamatha and vipashyana, meditate sequentially
on the thirty-seven factors of enlightenment while on the path of training. iv. Conduct They practise the six transcendent
perfections for their own benefit and the four means of attraction for the sake of others. v. Results They attain the level of buddhahood,
which is the ultimate attainment in terms of both abandonment and realization since it means abandoning all that has to be
eliminated, the two obscurations including habitual traces, and realizing everything that must be realized, included within
the knowledge of all that there is and the knowledge of its nature. They accomplish the two types of dharmakaya for their
own benefit and the two types of rupakaya for the benefit of others. II. The Three Inner Yanas
of Vedic Asceticism These are the three outer classes
of tantra: the yana of kriya tantra, the yana of charya tantra and the yana of yoga tantra. You might wonder why are these
called ‘vehicles of Vedic ascetism.’ It is because the three outer classes of tantra stress aspects of ascetic
conduct, such as ritual purification and cleanliness, and in this respect they are similar to the Vedic tradition of the brahmins. 4. The Yana of Kriya
Tantra The kriya tantras, or ‘action’
tantras, are so-called because they are concerned mainly with external conduct, the practices of ritual purification and cleanliness
and so on. The entry point, view, meditation,
conduct and results of this vehicle are as follows: i. Entry Point The initial point of entry to
the path of secret mantra vajrayana is ripening empowerment, so here one receives the water empowerment, which establishes
the potential for ripening into the dharmakaya, and the crown empowerment, which establishes the potential for ripening into
the rupakaya. Then one keeps the general samayas of the kriya yoga as they are explained in the particular texts themselves. ii. View In terms of determining the view,
the basis of the path, one realizes that the ground of purification, the nature of mind itself, is the wisdom of empty clarity,
and is ultimately beyond all extremes of elaboration, such as existing, not existing, appearing or being empty. Then one views
the aspects of relative appearance, which are what must be purified, as the characteristics of the completely pure deity. iii. Meditation As for the path and the way of
practising meditation, it centres around the four realities: the reality of oneself and the reality of the deity are practised
by means of the six aspects of the deity,[8] by visualizing oneself as the samaya form and then invoking the wisdom being
into the space in front, considering oneself as a servant and the deity as one’s master. One then focuses upon the reality
of the mantra recitation which is the sound, and on the mind and the ground, and meditates upon the reality of concentration,
which consists of remaining in the ‘flame,’ continuation of sound and culmination of sound. iv. Conduct One performs the three kinds
of ritual purification,[9] changes the three types of clothing,[10] adopts a diet of the three white foods[11] and practices ritual fasting and mantra recitation. v. Results In the short term, one becomes
a desire realm vidyadhara, and ultimately one attains awakening as Vajradhara of one of the three buddha families: of the
family of enlightened body, Vairochana, of the family of enlightened speech, Amitabha, or of the family of enlightened mind,
Akshobhya. 5. The Yana of Charya
Tantra The vehicle of charya or ‘conduct’
tantra is so-called because it places an equal emphasis on the outer actions of body and speech and the inner cultivation
of samadhi. It is also called the ‘tantra of both’ (ubhaya tantra) because its view conforms with that of yoga
tantra, while its conduct is similar to that of kriya. I will now say a little about
its entry point, view, meditation, conduct and results. i. Entry Point One is matured by means of the
five empowerments, which include the empowerments of the vajra, bell and name in addition to the water and crown empowerments,
and then maintains the samayas of charya tantra, as described in the particular texts themselves. ii. View The view is determined in the
same way as in the yoga tantra, so it will be explained below. iii. Meditation One visualizes oneself as the
samaya being and visualizes the wisdom deity, who is regarded as a friend, in front of oneself, and then practises the conceptual
meditations on the syllable, mudra and form of the deity, and the non-conceptual meditation on absolute bodhichitta by means
of entering, remaining and arising.[12] iv. Conduct The conduct here is the same
as in kriya tantra. v. Results In the short term, one attains
the common accomplishments and ultimately one reaches the level of a vajradhara of the four buddha families, i.e., the three
mentioned earlier plus the ratna family. 6. The Yana of Yoga Tantra The vehicle of yoga tantra is
so-called because it emphasizes the inner yogic meditation upon reality, combining skilful means and wisdom. Its entry point, view, meditation,
conduct and results are as follows: i. Entry Point Having been matured through the
eleven empowerments—the five empowerments of the disciples (water, crown, vajra, bell and name) as well as the six empowerments
of the master (the empowerment of irreversibility, empowerment of seeing secret reality, authorization, prophecy, confirmation
and praising encouragement)—one keeps the samayas as described in the particular texts. ii. View The view is to regard all phenomena
as the deity of the vajradhatu, through the blessing of the emptiness and clear light in which all phenomena are realized
to be beyond conceptual elaboration on an ultimate level. iii. Meditation One meditates on the yoga of
skilful means, visualizing oneself as the deity by means of the five aspects of awakening and the four miraculous things,[13] and summons the wisdom being, who then dissolves into oneself, and is sealed
by means of the four mudras, and so on. There is also the yoga of wisdom, in which one rests in a state in which ultimate
non-conceptual wisdom is inseparable from the relative appearance of the deity of the vajradhatu. iv. Conduct One practises ritual purification
and cleanliness simply as a support. v. Results As a worldly attainment, one
becomes a celestial vidyadhara, and as the supermundane accomplishment, one attains enlightenment in Ghanavyuha, as one of
the five buddha families (in addition to the four families previously mentioned, there is also Amoghasiddhi’s buddha
family of enlightened activity). III. The Three Secret
Yanas of Powerful Transformative Methods These are the three inner classes
of tantra: the yana of mahayoga, the yana of anuyoga and the yana of atiyoga. You might wonder why are these
are called ‘vehicles of powerful transformative methods.’ It is because they include powerful methods for transforming
all phenomena into great purity and equalness. 7. The Yana of Tantra
Mahayoga The vehicle of mahayoga, or ‘great
yoga,’ is so-called because it is superior to ordinary yoga tantra since all phenomena are realized to be a magical
display in which appearance and emptiness are indivisible. Once again, I will briefly describe
its point of entry, view, meditation, action and results. i. Entry Point Once one’s mind has been
matured through receiving the ten outer benefiting empowerments, the five inner enabling empowerments and the three secret
profound empowerments, one keeps the samayas as they are described in the texts. ii. View By means of extraordinary lines
of reasoning, one establishes and then realizes the indivisibility of the [two] higher levels of reality, according to which
the cause for the appearance of the essential nature, the seven riches of the absolute,[14] is spontaneously present within the pure awareness that is beyond conceptual
elaboration, and all relative phenomena naturally appear as the mandala of deities of the three seats.[15] iii. Meditation When it comes to the path and
the practice of meditation, the main emphasis is on the generation stage. In the practice of generation stage yoga, one sets
up the practice through the three samadhis, ensures that the three of purifying, perfecting and ripening are complete within
the visualization, and, once the visualization is complete, seals it with the instruction on the four nails securing the life-force.
In the practice of the completion stage yoga, one activates the vital points of the vajra body, its subtle energies, essences,
luminosity and so on. iv. Conduct One maintains elaborate, unelaborate
and extremely unelaborate conduct. v. Results In the short term one reaches
the four vidyadhara levels, which are the results belonging to the path, and finally one gains the ultimate fruition, and
reaches the level of the Vajradhara of unity.[16] 8. The Yana of Scriptural
Transmission Anuyoga The vehicle of anuyoga, or ‘following
yoga’, is so-called because it mainly teaches the path of passionately pursuing (or ‘following’) wisdom,
in the realization that all phenomena are the creative expression of the indivisible unity of absolute space and primordial
wisdom. Once again, let us say a little
about its point of entry, view, meditation, conduct and results: i. Entry Point One’s mind is matured through
the thirty-six empowerments in which the four rivers—outer, inner, accomplishing and secret—are complete, and
one keeps the samayas as described in the texts. ii. View Through logical reasoning one
determines that which is to be known, the fact that all phenomena are characterized as being the three mandalas in their fundamental
nature, and realizes that this is so. iii. Meditation Meditation practice here consists
of two paths. On the path of liberation one practises the non-conceptual samadhi of simply resting in a state that accords
with the essence of reality itself, and the conceptual samadhi of deity practice, in which one visualizes the mandala of supporting
palace and supported deities simply by reciting the mantra of generation. On the path of skilful means one generates the wisdom
of bliss and emptiness through the practices of the upper and lower gateways. iv. Conduct One practises the conduct that
is beyond adopting or abandoning in the recognition that all perceptions are but the display of the wisdom of great bliss. v. Results At the culmination of Anuyoga’s
own uncommon five yogas, which are essentially its five paths,[17] and the ten stages[18] that are included within these five, one attains the level of Samantabhadra.
9. The Yana of Pith Instruction
Atiyoga The vehicle of Atiyoga, or ‘utmost
yoga,’ is so-called because it is the highest of all vehicles. It involves the realization that all phenomena are nothing
other than the appearances of the naturally arising primordial wisdom which has always been beyond arising and ceasing. The following is a brief explanation
of the entry point, view, meditation, conduct and results of this vehicle. i. Entry Point One’s mind is matured through
the four ‘expressive power of awareness’ empowerments (rigpé tsal wang), and one keeps the samayas as explained
in the texts. ii. View The view is definitively established
by looking directly into the naturally arising wisdom in which the three kayas are inseparable: the empty essence of naked
awareness beyond the ordinary mind is the dharmakaya, its cognizant nature is the sambhogakaya, and its all-pervasive compassionate
energy is the nirmanakaya. iii. Meditation The meditation consists of the
approach of cutting through resistance to primordial purity (kadak trekchö), through which the lazy can reach liberation without
effort, and the approach of the direct realization of spontaneous presence (lhundrup tögal), through which the diligent can
reach liberation with exertion. iv. Conduct The conduct is free from hope
and fear and adopting and abandoning, because all that appears manifests as the display of reality itself. v. Results Perfecting the four visions of
the path, one gains the supreme kaya, the rainbow body of great transference, and attains the level of glorious Samantabhadra,
the thirteenth bhumi known as ‘Unexcelled Wisdom’ (yeshe lama). | Translated
by Adam [1] The General Sutra of the Gathering of All Intentions (‘dus
pa mdo), the central scripture of Anuyoga. [2] An alternative translation sometimes given is ‘the inner
vehicle of gaining awareness through austerities’ but that would not accord with Zenkar Rinpoche’s explanation
given later in this text. [3] i.e., The Condensed Prajnaparamita Sutra [4] According to The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism,
vol. 2, p. 169: 1) Wearing clothes found in a dust heap, 2) owning only three robes, 3) wearing felt or woolen clothes, 4)
begging for food, 5) eating one’s meal at a single sitting, 6) restricting the quantity of food, 7) staying in isolation,
8) sitting under trees, 9) sitting in exposed places, 10) sitting in charnel grounds, 11) sitting even during sleep, and 12)
staying wherever one happens to be. [5] This is rather a free translation of ‘dod pa bsod nyams
kyi mtha’ [6] They are called ‘parrot-like’ because they remain
together in groups, unlike the ‘rhinoceros-like’ pratyekabuddha arhats who stay by themselves. [7] The eight extremes of conceptual elaboration are: ceasing, arising,
being non-existent, being permanent, coming, going, being multiple and being single. [8] The aspects of emptiness, syllable, sound, form, mudra and attributes. [9] Purification of the body by washing, purification of downfalls
and purification of thoughts. [10] Changes one’s outer clothing means to put on clean clothes,
changing one’s inner clothing means to guard one’s vows, and changing one’s secret clothing means to visualize
the deity. [11] Curd, milk and butter. [12] ‘Entering’ refers to the realization that all phenomena
are beyond arising, ‘remaining’ means to abide once the non-conceptual nature has manifest and ‘arising’
means developing intense compassion for all beings who do not realize this. [13] i.e., samadhi, blessings, empowerment and offering. [14] Enlightened body, speech, mind, qualities and activity, plus absolute
space and primordial wisdom. [15] The aggregates (skandha) and elements (dhatu) are the seats of
the male and female buddhas, the sense faculties and their objects are the seats of the male and female bodhisattvas, and
the limbs are seats of the male and female wrathful ones. [16] ‘Unity’ here means the unity of dharmakaya and rupakaya. [17] 1) The yoga of the aspiring spiritual warrior on the path of accumulation,
2) the yoga revealing the great enlightened family on the path of joining, 3) the yoga of great assurance on the path of seeing,
4) the yoga of receiving great prophecy on the path of meditation, and 5) the yoga of perfecting the great creative power
on the ultimate path. [18] 1) The stage of uncertain transformation, 2) the stage of stable
foundation, 3) the stage of significant purification, 4) the stage of continuous training, 5) the stage of supportive merit,
6) the stage of special progress through stability, 7) the stage bringing focus on the result once the path of seeing has
arisen through clear light, 8) the stage of steadfast remaining, 9) the stage of expanding reality, and 10) the stage of riding
on perfection. |
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